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Works (?) Thomas Girtin and Joseph Mallord William Turner after John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas’, Seen from an Elevated Viewpoint

1794 - 1797

Primary Image: TG0592: (?) Thomas Girtin (1775–1802) and Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) after John Robert Cozens (1752–97), Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas', Seen from an Elevated Viewpoint, 1794–97, graphite and watercolour on wove paper, 48.9 × 31.8 cm, 19 ¼ × 12 ½ in. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens, Gilbert Davis Collection (59.55.1288).

Photo courtesy of The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens, Gilbert Davis Collection (All Rights Reserved)

Description
Creator(s)
(?) Thomas Girtin (1775-1802) and Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) after John Robert Cozens (1752-1797)
Title
  • Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas’, Seen from an Elevated Viewpoint
Date
1794 - 1797
Medium and Support
Graphite and watercolour on wove paper
Dimensions
48.9 × 31.8 cm, 19 ¼ × 12 ½ in
Object Type
Collaborations; Monro School Copy
Subject Terms
Italian View: The Roman Campagna

Collection
Catalogue Number
TG0592
Description Source(s)
Viewed in 2001

Provenance

Richard Mills, bought 1849 (Armstrong, 1902); his sale, Christie's, 13 April 1908, lot 37 as 'Maecenas Villa, near Rome' by Joseph Mallord William Turner; bought by 'Carfax', £31 10s; Robert Nesham (1846–1928); his sale, Christie's, 3 July 1925, lot 62 as 'Maecenas Villa, near Rome' by Joseph Mallord William Turner; bought by 'Walker', £11 11s; Walker's Galleries, London; Alan Keen (lent to Arts Council, 1949); Gilbert Davis (1899–1983); bought from him by the Gallery, 1959

Exhibition History

Arts Council, 1949, no.34 as ’Tivoli: Villa of Maecenas’ by Joseph Mallord William Turner; London, 1953b, no.115

Bibliography

Armstrong, 1902, p.280 as by Joseph Mallord William Turner; The Huntington Online as 'Tivoli, Villa of Maecenas' by Joseph Mallord William Turner, 'probably after John Robert Cozens'

About this Work

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas'

This view of the so-called Villa of Maecenas at Tivoli is based on a composition by John Robert Cozens (1752–97) (see figure 1) and displays many of the signs that mark the unique collaboration between Girtin and his contemporary Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851) at the home of Dr Thomas Monro (1759–1833). Here they were employed across three winters, probably between 1794 and 1797, to make ‘finished drawings’ from the ‘Copies’ of the ‘outlines or unfinished drawings of Cozens’ and other artists, amateur and professional, either from Monro’s collection or lent for the purpose. As the two young artists later recalled, Girtin generally ‘drew in outlines and Turner washed in the effects’. ‘They went at 6 and staid till Ten’, and, as the diarist Joseph Farington (1747–1821) reported, Turner received ‘3s. 6d each night’, though ‘Girtin did not say what He had’ (Farington, Diary, 12 November 1798).1 The need to work by candlelight may account for the generally monochrome appearance of the Monro School works, though, as here, the smaller examples tend to be more colourful and highly finished.

The monumental structure overlooking the gorge of the river Aniene was known in the eighteenth century as the Villa of Maecenas, but it is now understood to be the Sanctuary of Hercules Victor, which was built in the second half of the first century BC. Maecenas was Gaius Cilnius Maecenas (70–8 BC), the munificent patron of Virgil and Horace and a benefactor of the arts who consequently represented a high point of classical civilisation to British travellers to Italy. The spectacularly sited ruins were the subject of numerous views by Cozens’ contemporaries, though none it seems explored the scene from the viewpoint adopted here on the heights above the river, looking south west. From this spot, with the Campagna stretching to the distant Alban Hills, there are no contemporary buildings visible that could undermine the timeless quality of the image.

Tivoli: The Valley of the Anio with the Villa of Maecenas and the Piccole Cascatelle

The composition by Cozens that formed the basis for the Monro School work is known in two formats, both of which differ from it in significant ways. The watercolour (see figure 1), probably dating from around 1780, is oval in shape and omits much of the foreground and the overhanging tree, whilst the Cozens pencil sketch on which it is presumably based (see figure 2), whilst it is a much more expansive view, also lacks the tree to the left. However, overlaying images of the Monro School work and the pencil sketch shows such a degree of congruence that it is possible that the building at least was traced from the Cozens outline. If this was the case, then it means that much of the foreground, as well as the tree and foliage to the left, was improvised at Monro’s house, and that the work is strictly speaking a variation on a theme by Cozens rather than a copy.

There has been a tendency to ascribe the more colourful and highly finished Monro School landscapes solely to Turner, not least because any underlying pencil work is often effaced. This watercolour has always been attributed to Turner, but, although it is not possible to challenge this with complete confidence working solely from a colour image, I can see no compelling reason to believe that more fully worked sheets such as this depart from the artists’ customary collaborative practice. The fact that the colouring is more substantial than was commonly the case does not mean that the composition did not start out as a simple outline drawing by Girtin. One particular detail may help to establish the dual attribution of the work. The reclining figure under the foreground tree reappears in a number of Girtin’s watercolours, including A Distant View of Dryburgh Abbey (TG1719), suggesting that the development of the basic Cozens composition, involving the addition of a significant foreground, was the result of his efforts.

A copy of this drawing is pasted into a collection of watercolours painted from Monro School collaborations known as ‘The LeGeyt Volume’ after a later owner May Le Geyt (d.1942) who was a descendent of Dr Thomas Monro (Lacy Scott & Knight, 11 March 2017, lot 1464 (p.9)).  One of the drawings is inscribed ‘J. Monro’, presumably John Monro (1801-80) the fourth son of the doctor and he may have been the author of all of the sheets in the book. Some of the drawings are dated 1827 and 1837 suggesting that the copies were made both prior to the 1833 sale, whilst others, as in this case, were painted from material retained by the Monro family.

1800 - 1801

A Distant View of Dryburgh Abbey, with the Eildon Hills Beyond

TG1719

by Greg Smith

Place depicted

Other entries in Monro School Copies:
Drawings Made with Joseph Mallord William Turner from the Sketches of John Robert Cozens’ First Trip to the Continent, 1776–79

Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Lake of Geneva, from Divonne

Private Collection

The Lake of Geneva, from Divonne
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A View of Geneva, from Cologny

British Museum, London

A View of Geneva, from Cologny
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A View of Geneva, from Cologny

Private Collection

A View of Geneva, from Cologny
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Mont Blanc, from the Banks of the Arve, near Sallanches in Savoy

British Museum, London

Mont Blanc, from the Banks of the Arve, near Sallanches in Savoy
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Footbridge between Rocks, near Chamonix

Tate, London

A Footbridge between Rocks, near Chamonix
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Between Chamonix and Martigny, the Aiguille Verte

Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery

Between Chamonix and Martigny, the Aiguille Verte
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

La Bâtiaz Castle, near Martigny (Caesar’s Tower)

Victoria and Albert Museum, London

La Bâtiaz Castle, near Martigny (Caesar’s Tower)
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Rhône, Looking North from the Junction with the Salanfe River, near the Pissevache Fall

Tate, London

The Rhône, Looking North from the Junction with the Salanfe River, near the Pissevache Fall
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Valley of the Rhône, with a View of Sion from the East

Tate, London

The Valley of the Rhône, with a View of Sion from the East
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Lake of Thun, near the Village of Spiez

Private Collection

The Lake of Thun, near the Village of Spiez
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Interlaken, on the Road between the Lake of Thun and Unterseen

Private Collection

Interlaken, on the Road between the Lake of Thun and Unterseen
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The View from the Bridge at Unterseen

Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery

The View from the Bridge at Unterseen
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Unterseen, from the Lake of Thun

Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields

Unterseen, from the Lake of Thun
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A River View near Grindelwald, Looking towards the Wetterhorn

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

A River View near Grindelwald, Looking towards the Wetterhorn
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Along the River Schwarze Lütschine, between Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald

Private Collection

Along the River Schwarze Lütschine, between Lauterbrunnen and Grindelwald
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Second View on the Reichenbach Falls, near Meiringen, in the Valley of Oberhasli

Private Collection, Norfolk

Second View on the Reichenbach Falls, near Meiringen, in the Valley of Oberhasli
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Reichenbach Falls, the Fourth View

Private Collection

The Reichenbach Falls, the Fourth View
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Reichenbach Falls, the Fifth View

Tate, London

The Reichenbach Falls, the Fifth View
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Reichenbach Falls, the Sixth View, in a Rocky Gorge

Tate, London

The Reichenbach Falls, the Sixth View, in a Rocky Gorge
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Reichenbach Falls, the Seventh Stage

Tate, London

The Reichenbach Falls, the Seventh Stage
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Reichenbach Falls, the Eighth View

Tate, London

The Reichenbach Falls, the Eighth View
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Reichenbach Falls, the Ninth View and Final Stage

Tate, London

The Reichenbach Falls, the Ninth View and Final Stage
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Lesser Valley of Oberhasli, the Upper Part from the North

Private Collection

The Lesser Valley of Oberhasli, the Upper Part from the North
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Benedictine Convent of Engelberg

Private Collection

The Benedictine Convent of Engelberg
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Lucerne, the View from near Brunnen

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

Lake Lucerne, the View from near Brunnen
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Lucerne, the View from near Altdorf

Gallery Oldham

Lake Lucerne, the View from near Altdorf
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tell’s Chapel, Lake Lucerne, with the Fronalpstock Beyond

British Museum, London

Tell’s Chapel, Lake Lucerne, with the Fronalpstock Beyond
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tell’s Chapel, Lake Lucerne, with the Frohnalpstock Beyond

Private Collection

Tell’s Chapel, Lake Lucerne, with the Frohnalpstock Beyond
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Lucerne, from Weggis, with the Bürgenstock Beyond

Eton College, Windsor

Lake Lucerne, from Weggis, with the Bürgenstock Beyond
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Narrow Gorge on the River Linth, near the Pantenbrücke

Tate, London

A Narrow Gorge on the River Linth, near the Pantenbrücke
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Klöntal

Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence

Lake Klöntal
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Klöntal, the View Looking West

Leeds Art Gallery

Lake Klöntal, the View Looking West
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Junction of the Two Rhines at Reichenau

Tate, London

The Junction of the Two Rhines at Reichenau
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Waterfall in a Rocky Defile, near Chur

Tate, London

A Waterfall in a Rocky Defile, near Chur
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Waterside Buildings beneath a Sheer Cliff, near Chur

Tate, London

Waterside Buildings beneath a Sheer Cliff, near Chur
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Sargans Castle

Indianapolis Museum of Art at Newfields

Sargans Castle
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Bondo, with the House of the Count de Salis and Castelmur Castle in the Distance

Private Collection

Bondo, with the House of the Count de Salis and Castelmur Castle in the Distance
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Ruined Tower in a Valley, near Chur

Tate, London

A Ruined Tower in a Valley, near Chur
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Lake of Mezzola, near Chiavenna, Lake Como in the Distance

National Museum of Wales, Cardiff

The Lake of Mezzola, near Chiavenna, Lake Como in the Distance
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Walen, Looking East

British Museum, London

Lake Walen, Looking East
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Castelmur Castle, in the Village of Bondo

Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford

Castelmur Castle, in the Village of Bondo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Ravine In the Viamala, between Chur and Chiavenna

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

A Ravine In the Viamala, between Chur and Chiavenna
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Ravine with a Bridge, Located on the Banks of Lake Como

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

A Ravine with a Bridge, Located on the Banks of Lake Como
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Bridge over a Waterfall, near Chiavenna

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

A Bridge over a Waterfall, near Chiavenna
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Chiavenna, with the Bell Tower of the College of San Lorenzo

Tate, London

Chiavenna, with the Bell Tower of the College of San Lorenzo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Town of Como, from the Lake

Private Collection

The Town of Como, from the Lake
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Como, from the Villa Giulia, near Bellagio

Gallery Oldham

Lake Como, from the Villa Giulia, near Bellagio
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Como

British Museum, London

Lake Como
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Como: Looking South, Possibly from the Foot of the Cliffs at Ca' Bianca

Private Collection

Lake Como: Looking South, Possibly from the Foot of the Cliffs at Ca' Bianca
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Como, Looking North to the Village of Bellagio

Private Collection

Lake Como, Looking North to the Village of Bellagio
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Como, Looking South, Possibly from the Foot of the Cliffs at Ca' Bianca

Private Collection

Lake Como, Looking South, Possibly from the Foot of the Cliffs at Ca' Bianca
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Lakeside Town, Possibly on Lake Como

Private Collection

An Unidentified Lakeside Town, Possibly on Lake Como
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Bank of a Lake or River, with Hills Beyond

Tate, London

The Bank of a Lake or River, with Hills Beyond
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Waterside Town

Cooper Gallery, Barnsley

An Unidentified Waterside Town
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Village of Bramans in the Haute Maurienne in Savoy

Private Collection

The Village of Bramans in the Haute Maurienne in Savoy
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Lake Scene

The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens, San Marino

An Unidentified Lake Scene
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Covered Bridge with a Mountain Beyond, Possibly in Switzerland

The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens, San Marino

A Covered Bridge with a Mountain Beyond, Possibly in Switzerland
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Wooden Bridge over a River, Said to Be in the Pass of St Gotthard

Tate, London

A Wooden Bridge over a River, Said to Be in the Pass of St Gotthard
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A River amongst Rocks, with a Castle on a Hill

Tate, London

A River amongst Rocks, with a Castle on a Hill
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Alpine Valley, near Chiavenna

Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery

An Alpine Valley, near Chiavenna
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: A Road under a Ruined Archway on the Palatine Hill

Tate, London

Rome: A Road under a Ruined Archway on the Palatine Hill
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: Unidentified Ruins on the Palatine Hill

Tate, London

Rome: Unidentified Ruins on the Palatine Hill
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Ruins of Tiberius' Villa on the Palatine Hill, with the Wall of the Farnese Gardens

Tate, London

Rome: The Ruins of Tiberius' Villa on the Palatine Hill, with the Wall of the Farnese Gardens
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Ruins of Tiberius' Villa on the Palatine Hill, from the Forum

Tate, London

Rome: The Ruins of Tiberius' Villa on the Palatine Hill, from the Forum
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: A Monumental Ruin on the Palatine Hill

Tate, London

Rome: A Monumental Ruin on the Palatine Hill
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: Ruins on the Palatine Hill

Tate, London

Rome: Ruins on the Palatine Hill
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The View from the Palatine Hill, with the Palace of Augustus in the Foreground

Tate, London

Rome: The View from the Palatine Hill, with the Palace of Augustus in the Foreground
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Ancient Ruin, Probably near Rome

Tate, London

An Ancient Ruin, Probably near Rome
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: Part of the Ruins of Nero's Golden House, the Domus Aurea

Tate, London

Rome: Part of the Ruins of Nero's Golden House, the Domus Aurea
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Monumental Ruins of Nero's Golden House, the Domus Aurea

Tate, London

Rome: The Monumental Ruins of Nero's Golden House, the Domus Aurea
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Ruins of Nero's Golden House, the Domus Aurea

Tate, London

Rome: The Ruins of Nero's Golden House, the Domus Aurea
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: Part of the Extension to the Claudian Aqueduct, Known as the Arcus Neroniani

Tate, London

Rome: Part of the Extension to the Claudian Aqueduct, Known as the Arcus Neroniani
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Mausoleum of Caecilia Metella, Rome

Private Collection

The Mausoleum of Caecilia Metella, Rome
Thomas Girtin, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Mausoleum, Probably near Rome

Private Collection

An Unidentified Mausoleum, Probably near Rome
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Pyramid of Gaius Cestius, Rome

Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford

The Pyramid of Gaius Cestius, Rome
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Castle of St Angelo

Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Rome: The Castle of St Angelo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Temple of Vesta

Tate, London

Rome: The Temple of Vesta
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, Unknown Artist

A Detail of the Portico of an Ancient Temple

Tate, London

A Detail of the Portico of an Ancient Temple
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, Unknown Artist

An Imaginary Composition with Antique Ruins and Figures

Tate, London

An Imaginary Composition with Antique Ruins and Figures
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Ruined Nymphaeum of Alexander Severus, Known as the Temple of Minerva Medica

Tate, London

Rome: The Ruined Nymphaeum of Alexander Severus, Known as the Temple of Minerva Medica
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Colosseum, from the Caelian Hill

Private Collection

Rome: The Colosseum, from the Caelian Hill
Thomas Girtin, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Colosseum, with a Rider on a Track

The Morgan Library & Museum, New York

Rome: The Colosseum, with a Rider on a Track
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: Part of the Extension to the Claudian Aqueduct, Known as the Arcus Neroniani

Private Collection

Rome: Part of the Extension to the Claudian Aqueduct, Known as the Arcus Neroniani
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Architectural Composition, Based on the Milvian Bridge over the River Tiber

Tate, London

An Architectural Composition, Based on the Milvian Bridge over the River Tiber
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: Part of the Milvian Bridge over the River Tiber (The Ponte Molle)

Tate, London

Rome: Part of the Milvian Bridge over the River Tiber (The Ponte Molle)
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Fortified Northern End of the Milvian Bridge (The Ponte Molle)

Tate, London

Rome: The Fortified Northern End of the Milvian Bridge (The Ponte Molle)
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Ripa Grande, Site of the Ancient Port of Rome, in an Imaginary Setting

Tate, London

The Ripa Grande, Site of the Ancient Port of Rome, in an Imaginary Setting
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Chapel of San Giuliano, Overlooking the River Tiber, near the Milvian Bridge

Tate, London

The Chapel of San Giuliano, Overlooking the River Tiber, near the Milvian Bridge
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The River Tiber, with the Aventine Hill to the Left

National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh

Rome: The River Tiber, with the Aventine Hill to the Left
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Villa, Possibly in Rome

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

An Unidentified Villa, Possibly in Rome
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: A Wall with Trees Overhanging a Road, near the Porta Pinciana

Tate, London

Rome: A Wall with Trees Overhanging a Road, near the Porta Pinciana
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Building and Column Set amongst Trees, Probably the Villa Negroni in Rome

Victoria and Albert Museum, London

An Unidentified Building and Column Set amongst Trees, Probably the Villa Negroni in Rome
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: A View in the Farnese Gardens

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

Rome: A View in the Farnese Gardens
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The Ludovisi Gardens

Private Collection

Rome: The Ludovisi Gardens
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The View from the Corsini Gardens

Private Collection

Rome: The View from the Corsini Gardens
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: A Distant View of the Basilica of St John Lateran

The Whitworth, The University of Manchester

Rome: A Distant View of the Basilica of St John Lateran
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: St Peter’s, from a Nearby Terrace

Tate, London

Rome: St Peter’s, from a Nearby Terrace
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: St Peter's Square from the Colonnade

Tate, London

Rome: St Peter's Square from the Colonnade
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Vatican: The Belvedere Viewed from the East beyond a High Wall

Tate, London

The Vatican: The Belvedere Viewed from the East beyond a High Wall
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Vatican: The Wall of the Giardino della Pigna and the Belvedere

Tate, London

The Vatican: The Wall of the Giardino della Pigna and the Belvedere
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: St Peter's from Monte Mario

Harewood House, Yorkshire

Rome: St Peter's from Monte Mario
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

St Peter's and the Vatican, from above the Arco Oscuro

Private Collection

St Peter's and the Vatican, from above the Arco Oscuro
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rome: The River Tiber from Monte Mario, Looking towards the Sabine Hills

Private Collection

Rome: The River Tiber from Monte Mario, Looking towards the Sabine Hills
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Roman Campagna, from the Villa Madama

Private Collection

The Roman Campagna, from the Villa Madama
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Unidentified Fortifications on a Rocky Outcrop, Possibly on the Island of Capri

Tate, London

Unidentified Fortifications on a Rocky Outcrop, Possibly on the Island of Capri
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli, with the Falls of the River Aniene: The Grand Cascade

Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Tivoli, with the Falls of the River Aniene: The Grand Cascade
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas' and Part of the Town

Private Collection

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas' and Part of the Town
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The Grand Cascade Seen from a Terrace

Private Collection

Tivoli: The Grand Cascade Seen from a Terrace
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The 'Temple of the Sibyl' Seen across the Gorge of the Aniene

Laing Art Gallery, Newcastle upon Tyne

Tivoli: The 'Temple of the Sibyl' Seen across the Gorge of the Aniene
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The ‘Temple of the Sibyl’ and the Cascades Seen from Below

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

Tivoli: The ‘Temple of the Sibyl’ and the Cascades Seen from Below
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The Rocca Pia, from the North West

Tate, London

Tivoli: The Rocca Pia, from the North West
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The Rocca Pia, from the South West

Tate, London

Tivoli: The Rocca Pia, from the South West
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Archway through a Building, with a Round Tower

Tate, London

An Archway through a Building, with a Round Tower
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: A Bridge and Gateway

Tate, London

Tivoli: A Bridge and Gateway
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: A View through an Arch to the Cascade

Tate, London

Tivoli: A View through an Arch to the Cascade
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: Ancient Ruins, Known as the Temple of Bacchus, with the Tower of Santa Maria Maggiore

Tate, London

Tivoli: Ancient Ruins, Known as the Temple of Bacchus, with the Tower of Santa Maria Maggiore
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl'

Queensland Art Gallery, Brisbane

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl'
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl', the Broken Side

Leeds Art Gallery

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl', the Broken Side
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl', Seen from Below

Harvard Art Museums / Fogg Museum

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl', Seen from Below
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl', Seen from Below

Tate, London

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl', Seen from Below
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl'

Tate, London

Tivoli: 'The Temple of the Sibyl'
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The River Aniene, with 'The Temple of the Sibyl' Seen Above

Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Tivoli: The River Aniene, with 'The Temple of the Sibyl' Seen Above
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas’, Seen from an Elevated Viewpoint

The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens, San Marino

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas’, Seen from an Elevated Viewpoint
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas' with Part of the Cascades

National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas' with Part of the Cascades
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas' and Part of the Cascades, Seen from Below

Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Tivoli: The 'Villa of Maecenas' and Part of the Cascades, Seen from Below
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The View from the Gardens of the Villa d'Este, Looking towards Montecelio

Tate, London

Tivoli: The View from the Gardens of the Villa d'Este, Looking towards Montecelio
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The Villa d'Este, Looking South West

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

Tivoli: The Villa d'Este, Looking South West
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: The Gran Loggia of the Villa d'Este

Tate, London

Tivoli: The Gran Loggia of the Villa d'Este
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Tivoli: A Mausoleum, Known as the Temple of Tosse

Tate, London

Tivoli: A Mausoleum, Known as the Temple of Tosse
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Tomb of Plautus, near Tivoli

Tate, London

The Tomb of Plautus, near Tivoli
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Wooded Valley near Bex in Switzerland

Private Collection

A Wooded Valley near Bex in Switzerland
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Rocca di Papa, from Monte Cavo

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

Rocca di Papa, from Monte Cavo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Passionist Monastery on Monte Cavo

Tate, London

The Passionist Monastery on Monte Cavo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Distant View of the Passionist Monastery on Monte Cavo

Tate, London

A Distant View of the Passionist Monastery on Monte Cavo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Ruined Ancient Building, Probably a Mausoleum on the Appian Way

Tate, London

A Ruined Ancient Building, Probably a Mausoleum on the Appian Way
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Ruined Mausoleum of the Emperor Gallienus on the Appian Way

Tate, London

The Ruined Mausoleum of the Emperor Gallienus on the Appian Way
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Ruins of the Mausoleum of the Emperor Gallienus on the Appian Way

Tate, London

The Ruins of the Mausoleum of the Emperor Gallienus on the Appian Way
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Unidentified Ruins, Possibly the Aqua Anio Novus Aqueduct, near Tivoli, Known as Pompey’s Tomb

Tate, London

Unidentified Ruins, Possibly the Aqua Anio Novus Aqueduct, near Tivoli, Known as Pompey’s Tomb
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Albano: A Ruined Building by a Stream

Tate, London

Albano: A Ruined Building by a Stream
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Albano: Part of the Ruins of the Ancient Baths of Caracalla, Known as Cellomaio

Tate, London

Albano: Part of the Ruins of the Ancient Baths of Caracalla, Known as Cellomaio
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Hermitage at Albano on the Appian Way

Tate, London

A Hermitage at Albano on the Appian Way
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Albano: The Ruins of the Ancient Baths of Caracalla, Known as Cellomaio

Tate, London

Albano: The Ruins of the Ancient Baths of Caracalla, Known as Cellomaio
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Albano, Viewed from the Bergantino

Private Collection

Lake Albano, Viewed from the Bergantino
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Albano: A Mausoleum, Known as the Tomb of the Horatii and Curatii

Tate, London

Albano: A Mausoleum, Known as the Tomb of the Horatii and Curatii
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Albano: The Ruins of a Mausoleum, Known as the Tomb of the Horatii and Curatii

Tate, London

Albano: The Ruins of a Mausoleum, Known as the Tomb of the Horatii and Curatii
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Albano with Castel Gandolfo

Harvard Art Museums / Fogg Museum

Lake Albano with Castel Gandolfo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Albano, from Palazzolo

National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh

Lake Albano, from Palazzolo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Ariccia: The Church of Santa Maria Assunta

Tate, London

Ariccia: The Church of Santa Maria Assunta
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Ariccia: Looking Up to the Church of Santa Maria Assunta

Tate, London

Ariccia: Looking Up to the Church of Santa Maria Assunta
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Distant View of Ronciglione, near Lake Vico

Private Collection

A Distant View of Ronciglione, near Lake Vico
Unknown Artist

An Unidentified View, Formerly Known as 'L'Arriccia'

Yale Center for British Art, New Haven

An Unidentified View, Formerly Known as 'L'Arriccia'
Thomas Girtin, John Robert Cozens

Ariccia: The Church of Santa Maria Assunta and the Chigi Palace

Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery

Ariccia: The Church of Santa Maria Assunta and the Chigi Palace
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Convent at Nemi

Tate, London

An Unidentified Convent at Nemi
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Nemi: Unidentified Buildings Overlooking a Stream

Tate, London

Nemi: Unidentified Buildings Overlooking a Stream
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Building, Known as 'The Capuchin Convent near Nemi'

Tate, London

An Unidentified Building, Known as 'The Capuchin Convent near Nemi'
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Genzano: The Palazzo Sforza Cesarini

Tate, London

Genzano: The Palazzo Sforza Cesarini
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Nemi, with Genzano and the Palazzo Sforza Cesarini

Victoria and Albert Museum, London

Lake Nemi, with Genzano and the Palazzo Sforza Cesarini
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Town of Nemi Overlooking the Lake

Tate, London

The Town of Nemi Overlooking the Lake
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Town of Nemi, from the Banks of the Lake

Leeds Art Gallery

The Town of Nemi, from the Banks of the Lake
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Nemi and the Town of Genzano

Walker Art Gallery, National Museums Liverpool

Lake Nemi and the Town of Genzano
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Lake and Town of Nemi

Hereford Museum and Art Gallery

The Lake and Town of Nemi
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Nemi, with Genzano in the Distance

Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto

Lake Nemi, with Genzano in the Distance
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Castle by a River, Known as 'Orte'

Brighton Museum and Art Gallery

An Unidentified Castle by a River, Known as 'Orte'
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Vico

British Museum, London

Lake Vico
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Vico, from the Hill of Viterbo

Tate, London

Lake Vico, from the Hill of Viterbo
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Bolsena

Tate, London

Lake Bolsena
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A River View with a Hill Town Beyond, Possibly Showing Tivoli

Tate, London

A River View with a Hill Town Beyond, Possibly Showing Tivoli
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Distant View of Radicofani in Tuscany

Private Collection

A Distant View of Radicofani in Tuscany
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Trasimeno

Tate, London

Lake Trasimeno
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Trasimeno

Private Collection

Lake Trasimeno
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Waterfall, Possibly in Switzerland, Known as 'The Velino Falls'

National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin

An Unidentified Waterfall, Possibly in Switzerland, Known as 'The Velino Falls'
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Ascent to the Marmore Falls (The Cascade of Terni)

Private Collection

The Ascent to the Marmore Falls (The Cascade of Terni)
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Bridge of Augustus, near Narni

Private Collection

The Bridge of Augustus, near Narni
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Distant View of Civita Castellana

Tate, London

A Distant View of Civita Castellana
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified View, Possibly at Civita Castellana

Tate, London

An Unidentified View, Possibly at Civita Castellana
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

On the River Tiber, at Acqua Acetosa

Tate, London

On the River Tiber, at Acqua Acetosa
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A View on the River Tiber, North of Rome

Tate, London

A View on the River Tiber, North of Rome
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Terracina, on the Coast between Rome and Naples, with the Temple of Jupiter Anxur

Tate, London

Terracina, on the Coast between Rome and Naples, with the Temple of Jupiter Anxur
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Gaeta, Seen across the Gulf from Formia

Tate, London

Gaeta, Seen across the Gulf from Formia
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Buildings on the Coast at Posillipo, near Naples

British Museum, London

Buildings on the Coast at Posillipo, near Naples
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Naples: Santa Maria del Parto, Mergellina

Tate, London

Naples: Santa Maria del Parto, Mergellina
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Naples: Looking across the Bay towards Vesuvius from Mergellina

Tate, London

Naples: Looking across the Bay towards Vesuvius from Mergellina
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Baia Castle

Tate, London

Baia Castle
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Temple of Venus at Baia

Tate, London

The Temple of Venus at Baia
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Temple of Venus at Baia

Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin

The Temple of Venus at Baia
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Bay of Baia, with Naples and Vesuvius in the Distance

Tate, London

The Bay of Baia, with Naples and Vesuvius in the Distance
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Fortress, Probably Baia Castle

Tate, London

An Unidentified Fortress, Probably Baia Castle
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Naples: Castel Sant'Elmo and the Convent of San Martino

Tate, London

Naples: Castel Sant'Elmo and the Convent of San Martino
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Naples: View over the City from the Royal Palace at Capodimonte

Tate, London

Naples: View over the City from the Royal Palace at Capodimonte
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Vesuvius, from Torre Greco

National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh

Vesuvius, from Torre Greco
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Unidentified Fort on a Cliff by the Sea

Tate, London

An Unidentified Fort on a Cliff by the Sea
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Capri: A View over the Eastern Promontory to the Bay of Salerno, with Steps Leading to the Castello Barbarossa

Tate, London

Capri: A View over the Eastern Promontory to the Bay of Salerno, with Steps Leading to the Castello Barbarossa
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Group of Buildings on a Low Cliff, near Naples

Tate, London

A Group of Buildings on a Low Cliff, near Naples
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Lake Avernus

Private Collection

Lake Avernus
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Solfatara, near Naples

British Museum, London

Solfatara, near Naples
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Norman Tower at Maiori on the Coast near Salerno

Tate, London

The Norman Tower at Maiori on the Coast near Salerno
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

An Entrance to the Roman Amphitheatre at Capua

Ashmolean Museum, University of Oxford

An Entrance to the Roman Amphitheatre at Capua
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Vallombrosa Abbey

Tate, London

Vallombrosa Abbey
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Mill and a Two-Arched Bridge on the Road between Florence and Rome

Tate, London

A Mill and a Two-Arched Bridge on the Road between Florence and Rome
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

A Five-Arched Bridge, on the Road between Florence and Rome

Tate, London

A Five-Arched Bridge, on the Road between Florence and Rome
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

Florence: The Arno, with the Ponte alla Carraia

Private Collection

Florence: The Arno, with the Ponte alla Carraia
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Arno, Seen from the Pisa to Florence Road

Tate, London

The Arno, Seen from the Pisa to Florence Road
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, John Robert Cozens

The Lighthouse at Livorno (Leghorn)

The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens, San Marino

The Lighthouse at Livorno (Leghorn)
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, Alexander Cozens

On the Coast South of Genoa, near Lerici

Tate, London

On the Coast South of Genoa, near Lerici
Thomas Girtin, Joseph Mallord William Turner, Alexander Cozens

A Coastal View of Sestri Levante, near Genoa

Private Collection

A Coastal View of Sestri Levante, near Genoa

Footnotes

  1. 1 The full diary entry, giving crucial details of the artists’ work at Monro’s house, is transcribed in the Documents section of the Archive (1798 – Item 2).

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